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These young women had experience in weaving and spinning from home manufacturing and worked for cheaper wages than did male employees.”The Lowell system created a new way to control the labor supply. At Waltham, wages were paid every week or two weeks, and boarding-houses in charge of a matron were provided for the employees, the conditions of which precluded the work of children or mitigated against the employment of whole families.”The Lowell mill girls were also encouraged to educate themselves and pursue intellectual activities.
Lunch was served throughout the year at 12:30pm.From May to August, the work day ended at 7pm, in September it ended at dark, from October to March it ended at 7:30pm and in April it ended at dark.After dinner, the employees attended lectures, formed groups aimed at self-improvement and attended church. The mill girls responded by staging a strike and organizing a labor union called the Factory Girls Association. Because these workers tended to be married and have families, they didn’t live in the inexpensive company dormitories and instead lived in tenement housing.This reliance on immigrant workers slowly turned the mills into what they were trying to avoid: a system that exploited the lower classes and made them permanently dependent on the low-paying mill jobs.By the 1850s, the Lowell system was considered a failed experiment and the mills began using more and more immigrant and child labor.Textile manufacturing in New England started to decline in the 1890s when new technological advances made it easier and cheaper to manufacture textiles in the south, where cotton was grown locally, heating costs were cheaper and there were fewer labor unions.The mill’s owners decided not to modernize or update the Massachusetts textile mills and instead invested in building modern textile mills in the south.As a result, by the mid 20th century, all of the New England textile mills, including the Lowell textile mills, had either closed or relocated to the south.To learn more about the industrial revolution, check out my article on the Rebecca Beatrice Brooks is the author and publisher of the History of Massachusetts Blog. Additionally, since the American population was small, hired labor was expensive. A large number of young mill girls went on to become librarians, teachers, social workers, etc., thanks in large part to the education they received while working at the mill; thus, the system did produce benefits for the workers and the larger society.”Plan of the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, illustration by Sidney and Neff, circa 1850The Lowell System was not only more efficient but was also designed to minimize the dehumanizing effects of industrial labor by paying in cash, hiring young adults instead of children, offering employment for only a few years and by providing educational opportunities to help workers move on to better jobs, such as school teachers, nurses and etc.Other mills during the industrial revolution, particularly in England, as well as the mills in Rhode Island, tended to hire poor, uneducated landless workers and children who had no other options than to work permanent low-paying jobs in the mills in dangerous working conditions with no opportunities for advancement, according to the book The Encyclopedia of the War Of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military:“The Lowell System stood in sharp contrast to the prevailing system of textile manufacturing at the time, which was based on Samuel Slater’s Rhode Island System.
Lowell believed his system alleviated the deplorable working conditions he witnessed in England and helped him to keep a tight rein on his employees. Lowell had great faith in the people of New England as the source of his labor force and believed ‘that the character of our population, educated, moral and enterprising could not fail to secure success.’ His workers would be housed and fed by the company and remain employed only a few years rather than form a permanently downtrodden underclass.”Lowell got the idea to build textile mills during his trip to Britain in 1811. Lowell’s industrial order ‘came to dominate the cotton industry [and] marked a radical departure from all that had gone before. Slater ran small spinning mills, using copies of the English machinery, while Lowell developed new machines for his large factory and did spinning and weaving under power all under one roof. Slater used the labor of local families while Lowell employed healthy young women, housed and fed at the company’s expense and paid wages in cash.
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